jacky.bib

@TECHREPORT{amc-1992,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes et al.},
  TITLE = {Selected student reports from {CPSC} 521, Winter
                  term 1992},
  INSTITUTION = {Alberta Microelectronic Centre},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{amc-1993,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes et al.},
  TITLE = {Selected student reports from {CPSC} 521, Winter
                  term 1993},
  INSTITUTION = {Alberta Microelectronic Centre},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{amc-1994,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes et al.},
  TITLE = {Selected student reports from {CPSC} 521, Winter
                  term 1994},
  INSTITUTION = {Alberta Microelectronic Centre},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes91,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {A symmetric version space algorithm for learning
                  disjunctive string concepts},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the fourth University of New
                  Brunswick Artificial Intelligence Symposium},
  YEAR = 1991,
  PAGES = {55-65},
  MONTH = {September},
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1991.pdf},
  ABSTRACT = {The symmetric version space algorithm (SVS) learns
                  disjunctions of string patterns by example. The
                  learnable string concepts are a subset of regular
                  expressions. The running time of the algorithm is
                  {\em reduced}, because the system learns a top--down
                  description of the string concepts. Different parts
                  of the algorithm learn descriptions at different
                  levels of the concept independently. This technique
                  is similar to factoring the version space, in order
                  to restrict the search space. The problem of {\em
                  fragmentation} of the $G$--set is overcome by using
                  a symmetric version space approach.}
}

@ARTICLE{baltes-1991a,
  KEY = {TDS review},
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {The Transputer Development System},
  JOURNAL = {Computing Reviews},
  YEAR = {1991},
  MONTH = {July},
  VOLUME = {32},
  NUMBER = {7}
}

@TECHREPORT{baltes91:_integ_plann_repres_macros_abstr_cases,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Bruce MacDonald},
  TITLE = {An Integrated Planning Representation using Macros,
                  Abstractions, and Cases},
  YEAR = 1991,
  MONTH = {December},
  INSTITUTION = {University of Calgary}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes-1992,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Bruce MacDonald},
  TITLE = {Case--based Meta Learning: Using a Dynamically
                  Version Space in Sustained Learning},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings Ninth Canadian Conference on Artificial
                  Intelligence},
  ORGANIZATION = {Canadian Society for Computational Studies of
                  Intelligence},
  YEAR = {1992},
  MONTH = MAY,
  EDITOR = {Janice Glasgow and Robert Hadley},
  PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc.},
  ADDRESS = {Palo Alto, California},
  PAGES = {228-235},
  ABSTRACT = {It is well--recognized that in practical inductive
                  learning systems the search for a concept must be
                  heavily biased. In addition the bias must be
                  dynamic, adapting to the current learning
                  problem. Another important requirement is sustained
                  learning, allowing transfer from known tasks to new
                  ones. Previous work on dynamic bias has not
                  explicitly addressed learning transfer, while
                  previous case--based learning research suffers from
                  a variety of problems. This paper presents a method
                  of Case--Based Meta Learning (CBML), in which the
                  cases are concepts, rather than instances, and
                  retrieved similar concepts are used as a skeletal
                  version space to speed up learning. CBML is
                  independent of the concept representation
                  language. The CBML--Clerk system, which learns
                  repetitive operating system tasks, is presented as a
                  demonstration.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1992.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes-1992b,
  KEY = {ML 92 workshop},
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Bruce MacDonald},
  TITLE = {Case--based Meta Learning: Sustained Learning
                  supported by a Dynamically Biased Version Space},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the ML 92 Workshop on Biases in
                  Inductive Learning},
  YEAR = 1992,
  MONTH = {July},
  EDITOR = {Diana Gordon},
  ABSTRACT = {It is well--recognized that in practical inductive
                  learning systems the search for a concept must be
                  heavily biased. In addition the bias must be
                  dynamic, adapting to the current learning
                  problem. Another important requirement is sustained
                  learning, allowing transfer from known tasks to new
                  ones. Previous work on dynamic bias has not
                  explicitly addressed learning transfer, while
                  previous case--based learning research suffers from
                  a variety of problems. This paper presents a method
                  of Case--Based Meta Learning (CBML), in which the
                  cases are concepts, rather than instances, and
                  retrieved similar concepts are used as a skeletal
                  version space to speed up learning. CBML is
                  independent of the concept representation
                  language. The CBML--Clerk system, which learns
                  repetitive operating system tasks, is presented as a
                  demonstration.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1992b.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes-1992d,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Bruce MacDonald},
  TITLE = {An Integrated Planning Representation using Macros,
                  Abstractions, and Cases},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Change of
                  Representation and Problem Reformulation},
  YEAR = 1992,
  MONTH = APR,
  EDITOR = {Michael R. Lowry},
  PUBLISHER = {NASA Ames Research Center},
  ADDRESS = {Moffet Field, CA 94025,USA},
  PAGES = {1-10},
  ORGANIZATION = {NASA Ames Research Center},
  ABSTRACT = {Planning will be an essential part of future
                  autonomous robots and integrated intelligent
                  systems. After giving a brief introduction to the
                  classical planning paradigm, this paper focuses on
                  learning problem solving knowledge in planning
                  systems. A general weak method for learning useful
                  operators is the creation of macros. The paper first
                  describes a novel approach to the selection and
                  dynamic filtering of macros. The dynamic filtering
                  approach is suggested for controlling the creation
                  of operators. A new planning representation is
                  proposed that uses a common representation for
                  macros, abstractions, and cases. A general operator
                  is represented by sequences of primitive or
                  non--primitive operators. A macro is equivalent to a
                  sequence of primitive, executable, operators with
                  uninstantiated arguments. A case consists of
                  primitive operators with instantiated arguments. An
                  abstract plan is equivalent to a sequence of
                  non--primitive operators at a lower level of
                  abstraction. A learned indexing mechanism allows
                  rapid access to relevant operators. The system is
                  able to use both classical and case--based
                  techniques. The general operators in a successful
                  plan derivation would be assessed for the potential
                  usefulness, and some stored.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1992d.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes-1992e,
  KEY = {ML workshop at CAI 92},
  AUTHOR = {Bruce MacDonald and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Research in instructable Systems},
  BOOKTITLE = {Machine Learning Workshop at AI/GI/VI '92},
  YEAR = {1992},
  MONTH = {May}
}

@TECHREPORT{baltes-1992f,
  KEY = {Tech report of string paper},
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Symmetric Version Space Algorithm for Learning
                  Disjunctive String Concepts},
  INSTITUTION = {University of Calgary},
  YEAR = {1992},
  MONTH = {March},
  ADDRESS = {Calgary,Alta},
  NUMBER = {92/469/06},
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1992f.pdf}
}

@PHDTHESIS{baltes-1996,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {DoLittle: a learning multi-strategy planning system},
  SCHOOL = {University of Calgary},
  YEAR = 1996,
  MONTH = {June},
  ABSTRACT = {Multi-strategy planning focuses on the selection and
                  combination of different problem solving
                  methods. Since planning is intractable in complex
                  domains, researchers have developed different
                  methods to restrict, restructure, or reorder the
                  search space and to search the new space. These
                  reformulations of the search space are based on
                  assumptions about the domain or other features of
                  the task such as the problem order, plan structure,
                  or subgoal hierarchy. These planners, then, work
                  well in domains where the underlying assumptions are
                  met, and fail otherwise. Furthermore, in complex
                  domains it is possible that only parts of a task can
                  be efficiently solved with a given planning
                  method. But for other parts of the tasks, a
                  different planning strategy may be appropriate. The
                  goal of multi-strategy planning is to alleviate this
                  problem by selecting and combining different problem
                  solving methods on a single problem. First, planning
                  is seen as search through the space of partial
                  plans. Different planning strategies can be
                  described by the language of partial plans, the set
                  of transformations on partial plans, and the search
                  method. Secondly, the thesis develops a theory of
                  multi-strategy planning and shows that a
                  multi-strategy planner can exponentially improve
                  performance over a single strategy planner and
                  derives sufficient conditions for this
                  improvement. Thirdly, the thesis proposes
                  \emph{general operators} (\Strips\ operators with
                  added refinements) as a representation for different
                  planning strategies and shows how general operators
                  can represent different planning methods. Fourthly,
                  the thesis develops a search control method that,
                  given a planning method expressed as a general
                  operator reduces the associated search space
                  similarly to the original problem solving
                  strategy. % The search strategy is based on a
                  cheapest first method. Based on % the assumption
                  that all planning strategies have similar reduction
                  % probabilities, the planning strategy with the
                  smallest refinement % cost is selected. Since the
                  generation of general operators may be cumbersome by
                  hand, and since the system is intended as a part of
                  a learning apprentice system, \DoLittle\ learns new
                  general operators from examples. The planning bias
                  learners are highly specific methods that have
                  knowledge of \DoLittle's operator set and search
                  method and create new general operators to exploit a
                  given planning bias. Through an empirical
                  evaluation, this research shows (a) that
                  multi-strategy planning improves the performance
                  over single strategy planning in some toy domains,
                  (b) that multi-strategy planning can solve problems
                  in at least one complex domain (the kitchen domain),
                  and (c) and that an unordered subproblem coordinated
                  multi-strategy planner performs better in the
                  kitchen domain than a problem coordinated one. },
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1996.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes-1997,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {DoLittle: A Multi-strategy planning system},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference
                  on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing},
  EDITOR = {M.H. Hamza},
  YEAR = 1997,
  ORGANIZATION = {IASTED},
  PUBLISHER = {IASTED Acta Press},
  MONTH = {July},
  PAGES = {435-439},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper introduces multi-strategy planning, which
                  focuses on the selection and combination of
                  different planning methods. Planning is the problem
                  of finding a sequence of actions (operators) that
                  will take an agent from one state (initial state) to
                  a desired state (goal). This problem has gotten
                  considerable attention in artificial
                  intelligence. Unfortunately, theoretical results
                  show that the general planning problem is
                  intractable in complex domains. Therefore, a
                  practical planning system reduce the search
                  space. This reduction of the search space is based
                  on assumptions (so called \emph{planning biases\/})
                  about the problem such as: the problem order, plan
                  structure, or subgoal hierarchy. Given these
                  assumptions about the task, a \emph{planning
                  strategy\/} exploits the reduction in the search
                  space and searches the resulting search
                  space. Popular examples of planning strategies are
                  means-ends analysis, case-based planning,
                  macro-operators, abstraction hierarchies, and
                  non-linear planning. Planning strategies based on a
                  specific planning bias work well in domains, in
                  which these assumptions are satisfied, but fail if
                  these assumptions are not met. Furthermore, in
                  complex domains it is possible that only parts of a
                  task can be efficiently solved with a given planning
                  method. But for other parts of the tasks, a
                  different planning strategy may be appropriate.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1997.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes-1998,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Nicholas Hildreth and Yuming Lin},
  TITLE = {The All Botz RoboCup Team},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the PRICAI Workshop on RoboCup},
  YEAR = 1998,
  ADDRESS = {Singapore},
  MONTH = {November},
  URL = {pdf/baltes-1998.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes00:_adapt_path_plann_system_highl_dynam_envir,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Nicholas Hildreth},
  TITLE = {Adaptive Path Planning System for Highly Dynamic
                  Environments},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ICARCV},
  YEAR = 2000,
  ANNOTE = {Description of our adaptive path planner}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes00:_all_botz,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Nicholas Hildreth and David
                  Maplesdon},
  TITLE = {All Botz},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup-99: Robot Soccer World Cup III},
  PAGES = {653-656},
  YEAR = 2000,
  EDITOR = {Manuela Veloso and Enrico Pagello and Hiroaki
                  Kitano},
  ADDRESS = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  ANNOTE = {Description of our RoboCup Team},
  ISBN = {ISBN-3-540-41043-0},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper discusses some important features, which
                  make the All Botz, the University of RoboCup team, a
                  very unique team. In particular, the use of cheap
                  hardware and the design of the video server. },
  URL = {pdf/robocup99-3.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes00:_bench_suite_mobil_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {A Benchmark Suite for Mobile Robots},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of IROS-2000},
  YEAR = 2000,
  MONTH = {November},
  ORGANIZATION = {IEEE},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a benchmark suite for mobile
                  robots that provides quantitative measurements of a
                  mobile robot's ability to perform specific
                  tasks. Guidelines for the design of benchmark tests
                  were derived from other areas faced with the problem
                  of evaluating complex systems. The benchmarks test
                  the control and accuracy of the path and trajectory
                  tracking, the static path planning, and the dynamic
                  path planning ability of a mobile robot. A set of
                  metrics that provide important information about a
                  mobile robot's performance are also presented. These
                  benchmarks could also be used as simple games. Their
                  inclusion in robotic games will lead to an increased
                  opportunity fo researchers to evaluate their work
                  without having to buy expensive or special purpose
                  equipment.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes00:_bench_suite_mobil_robot.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes00:_bench_suite_mobil_robot_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes00:_path_contr_non_car_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Yuming Lin},
  TITLE = {Path-tracking Control of Non-holonomic Car-like
                  Robots Using Reinforcement Learning},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup-99: Robot Soccer World Cup III},
  PAGES = {162-173},
  YEAR = 2000,
  EDITOR = {Manuela Veloso and Enrico Pagello and Hiroaki
                  Kitano},
  ADDRESS = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  ANNOTE = {Description of Yuming's MSc thesis work. A
                  reinforcement learning controller using a case based
                  reasoning system to deal with a a continuous control
                  space},
  ISBN = {ISBN-3-540-41043-0},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper investigates the use of reinforcement
                  learning in solving the path-tracking problem for
                  car-like robots. The reinforcement learner uses a
                  case-based function approximator, to extend the
                  standard reinforcement learning paradigm to handle
                  continuous states. The learned controller performs
                  comparable to the best traditional control functions
                  in both simulation and also in practical driving. },
  URL = {pdf/baltes00:_path_contr_non_car_robot.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes00:_pract_camer_colour_calib_large_rooms,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Practical Camera and Colour Calibration for Large
                  Rooms},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup-99: Robot Soccer World Cup III},
  PAGES = {148-161},
  YEAR = 2000,
  EDITOR = {Manuela Veloso and Enrico Pagello and Hiroaki
                  Kitano},
  ADDRESS = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag},
  ANNOTE = {Description of our camera and colour calibration},
  ISBN = {ISBN-3-540-41043-0},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a practical method for
                  calibrating the geometry and colour information for
                  cameras surveying large rooms. To calibrate the
                  geometry, we use a semi-automatic system to assign
                  real world to pixel coordinates. This information is
                  the input to the Tsai camera calibration method. Our
                  system uses a two stage process in which easily
                  recognizable objects (squares) are used to sort the
                  individual data points and to find missing
                  objects. Fine object features (corners) are used in
                  a second step to determine the object's real world
                  coordinates. An empirical evaluation of the system
                  shows that the average and maximum errors are
                  sufficiently small for our domain. Objects are
                  recognized through coloured spots. The colour
                  calibration uses six thresholds (Three colour ranges
                  (Red, Green, and Blue) and three colour differences
                  (Red - Green, Red - Blue, Green - Blue)). This paper
                  describes a fast threshold comparison routine. },
  URL = {pdf/baltes00:_pract_camer_colour_calib_large_rooms.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes00:_pract_camer_colour_calib_large_rooms_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes00:_subsum_based_contr_mobil_robot_dynam_envir,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Subsumption-Based Control for Mobile Robots in
                  Dynamic Environments},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ICARCV},
  YEAR = 2000,
  ANNOTE = {Description of our controller for 2000. Mainly based
                  on a Ben's work},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes an architecture for path
                  planning and control of car-like mobile robots. The
                  method is based on a subsumption architecture with
                  four individual behaviors: approach, steer, turn,
                  and progress. The coordination of these simple
                  behaviors results in a robust control architecture
                  for mobile robots that performed well when compared
                  to other control methods. The controller also
                  results in simplifying the requirements on the path
                  planner.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes00:_subsum_based_contr_mobil_robot_dynam_envir.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes00:_subsum_based_contr_mobil_robot_dynam_envir_slides.pdf}
}

@INCOLLECTION{baltes01:_adapt_path_plann_highl_dynam_envir,
  TITLE = {Adaptive Path Planner for Highly Dynamic Environments},
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Nicholas Hildreth},
  BOOKTITLE = {{R}obo{C}up-2000: Robot Soccer World Cup {IV}},
  EDITOR = {Peter Stone and Tucker Balch and Gerhard Kraetszchmar},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag},
  ADDRESS = {Berlin},
  YEAR = 2001,
  PAGES = {76--85},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes adaptive path planning, a novel
                  approach to path planning for car-like mobile
                  robots. Instead of creating a new plan from scratch,
                  whenever changes in the environment invalidate the
                  current plan, the adaptive path planner attempts to
                  adapt the old plan to the new situation. The paper
                  proposes an efficient representation for path that
                  is easily amendable to adaptation. Associated with
                  the path planner is a set of repair
                  strategies. These repair strategies are local
                  methods to fix a plan to compensate for object
                  movement in the domain. The repair strategies are
                  specific and have a high probability of being able
                  to fix a plan. An empirical evaluation shows that
                  adaptive path planning is suitable to highly dynamic
                  domains, such as \RoboCup. Adaptive path planning
                  reduces the cumulative planning time by a factor of
                  $2.7$ compared to Bicchi's planner. At the same
                  time, the quality of the plans generated by the
                  adaptive path planner were similar to those
                  generated by Bicchi's planner.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes01:_adapt_path_plann_highl_dynam_envir.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes01:_adapt_path_plann_highl_dynam_envir_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes01:_camer_calib_rectan_textur,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Camera Calibration of Rectangular Textures},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Robot Vision Workshop},
  YEAR = 2001,
  ADDRESS = {Auckland, New Zealand},
  MONTH = {February},
  ORGANIZATION = {Centre for Imaging Technology and Robotics},
  ANNOTE = {Description of application of our matching points
                  algorithm to calibration of rectangular patterns},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a practical method for the
                  camera calibration given a single image of a regular
                  texture. This paper uses the calibration of images
                  of skyscrapers as an example. The paper introduces
                  two algorithms for the assignment of real world
                  coordinates to feature points. The first algorithm
                  selects five closely connected feature points and
                  determines the orientation of the rectangular
                  pattern. The second algorithm iteratively sorts the
                  feature points and assigns real world coordinates to
                  them. Lastly, the Tsai camera calibration algorithm
                  is used to compute the camera parameters. },
  URL = {pdf/baltes01:_camer_calib_rectan_textur.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes01:_camer_calib_rectan_textur_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes01:_horus,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Horus: Object Orientation and ID Without Additional
                  Markers},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Robot Vision Workshop},
  YEAR = 2001,
  MONTH = {February},
  ADDRESS = {Auckland, New Zealand},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a novel approach to detecting
                  orientation and identity of robots using a global
                  vision system. Instead of additional markers, the
                  original shape of the robot is used to determine an
                  orientation using a general Hough transform. In
                  addition the movement history as well as the command
                  history are used to calculate the quadrant of the
                  orientation as well as the identity of the robot. An
                  empirical evaluation shows that the performance of
                  the new video server is at least as good as that of
                  a traditional approach using additional coloured
                  markers. },
  URL = {pdf/baltes01:_horus.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes01:_horus_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes01:_roboc,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Nicholas Hildreth},
  TITLE = {RoboCup99: A Student's Perspective},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Robot Vision Workshop},
  YEAR = 2001,
  MONTH = {February},
  ABSTRACT = {One of the reasons for organizing robotic games is
                  that they allow researchers to evaluate their
                  systems and approaches on a level playing
                  field. This evaluation is important in a quickly
                  developing field such as robotics with few real
                  world applications. This paper investigates through
                  a case-study how much participating at the
                  RoboCup-99 competition has benefited a MSc. student
                  at the University of Auckland. Although the
                  participation was certainly stimulating, its
                  influence on the research was indirect. The paper
                  makes a number of suggestions that will make it
                  easier to quantitatively evaluate research at these
                  competitions and thus influence research more
                  directly.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes01:_roboc.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes01:_roboc_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes94:_distr_archit_instr_probl_solver,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Bruce MacDonald},
  TITLE = {A Distributed Architecture for an Instructable
                  Problem Solver},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Hawaii
                  Conference on System Sciences},
  PAGES = {63-73},
  YEAR = 1994,
  VOLUME = 3,
  ADDRESS = {Wailaea, Hawaii},
  MONTH = {January},
  ABSTRACT = {Our research goal is to design systems that enable
                  humans to teach tedious, repetitive, simple tasks to
                  a computer. We propose here a learner/problem solver
                  architecture for such a system. The problem solving
                  module is able to combine diverse problem solving
                  strategies on a single problem, by using a common
                  representation for operators, and learning operators
                  by analyzing solution traces. At the distributed
                  processor level, the design provides a general
                  dynamic load balancing system that has little domain
                  knowledge. It is controlled from the next level by a
                  tightly constrained planner. The distributed problem
                  solver testbed enables us to design, experiment
                  with, and evaluate our combined learning/problem
                  solving system for automating users' repetitive
                  tasks.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes94:_distr_archit_instr_probl_solver.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes94:_evolut_digit_logic_lab,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Cameron Patterson},
  TITLE = {The Evolution of a Digital Logic Lab},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 1994 Canadian Workshop on Field
                  Programmable Devices},
  PAGES = {Section 3.5.1},
  YEAR = 1994,
  ADDRESS = {Kingston, Ontario},
  MONTH = {June},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes different technologies that
                  were used in a VLSI design course at the university
                  of Calgary. The main goal of this paper is to show
                  how the advent of new technology allows students to
                  spend more time on design capture, logic simulation,
                  and the design of test vectors, as opposed to the
                  tedious tasks of implementing/fabricating a design
                  and a test environment. This trend has lead to more
                  and more complex and interesting projects. In recent
                  years, the students used VHDL to create a behavioral
                  description of their circuit and synthesize a
                  schematic from it. The synthesis targets Actel or
                  Xilinx FPGAs. The example project is the design of a
                  GCD circuit, which the authors selected because of a
                  number of desirable characteristics: most
                  importantly, (a) it is complex enough to allow the
                  students freedom in their design, and (b) it can
                  easily be adapted to the available hardware
                  resources. The paper includes a small example of the
                  conversion from an algorithm into a finite state
                  machines, one of the crucial steps in the design
                  phase. In the future, we hope to use configurable
                  hardware (the Algotronix \CHS) with a powerful
                  connection to a host computer. This will allow
                  students even greater flexibility in their design,
                  since they can choose which parts are implemented in
                  hardware and which are done through software.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes94:_evolut_digit_logic_lab.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{baltes95:_trans_hardw_system_desig,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Transputer Hardware and System Design},
  JOURNAL = {Computing Reviews},
  YEAR = 1995,
  MONTH = FEB,
  VOLUME = 36,
  NUMBER = 2,
  ABSTRACT = {The reviewed book is intended as a practical guide
                  to transputer hardware design. The authors do not
                  assume prior knowledge of the transputer
                  architecture, but the reader should be familiar with
                  more conventional micro-processor design.},
  URL = {compreview95-1.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes98:_plann_strat_repres_dolit,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Planning Strategy Representation in DoLittle},
  BOOKTITLE = {Advances in Artificial Intelligence},
  PAGES = {30-44},
  YEAR = 1998,
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper introduces multi-strategy planning and
                  describes its implementation in the \DoLittle\
                  system, which can combine many different planning
                  strategies, including means-ends analysis,
                  macro-based planning, abstraction-based planning
                  (reduced and relaxed), and case-based planning on a
                  single problem. \emph{Planning strategies} are
                  defined as methods to reduce the search space by
                  exploiting some assumptions (so-called
                  \emph{planning biases}) about the problem
                  domain. \emph{General operators} are generalizations
                  of standard \Strips\ operators that conveniently
                  represent many different planning strategies. The
                  focus of this work is to develop a representation
                  weak enough to represent a wide variety of different
                  strategies, but still strong enough to emulate
                  them. The search control method applies different
                  general operators based on a strongest first
                  principle; planning biases that are expected to lead
                  to small search spaces are tried first. An empirical
                  evaluation in three domains showed that
                  multi-strategy planning performed significantly
                  better than the best single strategy planners in
                  these domains.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes98:_plann_strat_repres_dolit.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes98:_pract_camer_calib_large_rooms,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Practical Camera Calibration for Large Rooms},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Image and Vision Conference},
  YEAR = 1998,
  MONTH = {December},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes our practical experiences and
                  methods for calibrating a large room. We show a
                  semi-automatic system to assign real world
                  coordinates to image features. Our system uses a two
                  stage process in which easily recognizable objects
                  (squares) are used to sort the individual data and
                  to find missing objects. Fine object features
                  (corners) are used in a second step to determine the
                  image real world coordinates. An empirical
                  evaluation of the system shows that the average and
                  maximum errors are sufficiently small for our
                  problem domain (autonomous mobile agents playing
                  soccer)},
  URL = {pdf/baltes98:_pract_camer_calib_large_rooms.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes98:_pract_camer_calib_large_rooms_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes99:_fuzzy_logic_contr_car_like_mobil_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Robin Otte},
  TITLE = {A Fuzzy Logic Controller for Car-Like Mobile Robots},
  BOOKTITLE = {Prcoeedings of the International Symposium on
                  Computational Intelligence in Robotics and
                  Automation},
  YEAR = 1999,
  ADDRESS = {Monterey, CA},
  MONTH = {November},
  ORGANIZATION = {IEEE},
  ANNOTE = {Description of the fuzzy logic controller for our
                  toy cars.},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a fuzzy logic controller for
                  car-like mobile robots. It also introduces a simple
                  heuristic that helps a designer in the specification
                  of fuzzy input and output sets. The design of fuzzy
                  rules follows intuitively from the design of the
                  fuzzy input sets. In practical tests, this Fuzzy
                  Logic controller resulted in greatly reduced errors
                  and also resulted in a control law with 75\% less
                  control work than a traditional sliding mode
                  controller.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes99:_fuzzy_logic_contr_car_like_mobil_robot.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes99:_path_contr_non_car_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Yuming Lin},
  TITLE = {Path-tracking Control of Non-holonomic Car-like
                  Robots Using Reinforcement Learning},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on RoboCup},
  YEAR = 1999,
  ADDRESS = {Stockholm, Sweden},
  MONTH = {July}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes99:_pract_camer_colour_calib_large_scale_rooms,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Practical Camera Calibration for Large Rooms},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup '99},
  YEAR = 1999,
  ADDRESS = {Stockholm, Sweden},
  MONTH = {July}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes99:_all_botz,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Nich Hildreth and David Maplesdon},
  TITLE = {The All Botz RoboCup Team},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup '99},
  YEAR = 1999,
  ADDRESS = {Stockholm, Sweden},
  MONTH = {July}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{lin99:_micro_contr_board_suppor_intel,
  AUTHOR = {XinKe Lin and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Micro-Controller Board to Support Intelligent
                  Control of Car-Like Mobile Robots},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ENZCON-99},
  YEAR = 1999,
  ADDRESS = {Auckland, New Zealand},
  MONTH = {November},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the design and implementation
                  of an embedded system for the low level control of
                  autonomous mobile robots. The micro controller board
                  provides more accurate speed and direction control,
                  more reliable digital communication, and facilities
                  for additional sensors and actuators. The velocity
                  control is implemented by a one bit D-A converter
                  using pulse width modulation. The data rate of the
                  digital communication is limited to five Bytes/sec.,
                  which is sufficient for simple navigation tasks. },
  URL = {pdf/lin99:_micro_contr_board_suppor_intel.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{lin99:_path_contr_non_car_robot_reinf_learn,
  AUTHOR = {Yuming Lin and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Path-tracking Control of Non-holonomic Car-like
                  Robots with Reinforcement Learning},
  BOOKTITLE = {Computer Science Research Students's Conference},
  PAGES = {6-13},
  YEAR = 1999,
  ADDRESS = {Hamilton, New Zealand},
  MONTH = {April}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{noonan98:_pc_inter_remot_contr_car,
  AUTHOR = {Ben Noonan and Jacky Baltes and Bruce MacDonald.},
  TITLE = {PC Interface for a Remote Controlled Car},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the IPENZ sustainable city
                  conference},
  PAGES = {22-27},
  YEAR = 1998,
  ADDRESS = {Auckland, New Zealand},
  MONTH = {February},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper discusses the design of an interface for
                  a PC and a commercially available remote-controlled
                  car. The objective of the project is to provide the
                  capability for a PC to emulate a conventional RC
                  transmitter. The micro-controller-based design
                  provides the best means of extendibility and
                  flexibility where future requirements are yet to be
                  defined, it also significantly reduces the
                  processing requirements on the host PC and the
                  client application. The data communications between
                  the host PC and the interface is via a standard
                  parallel port implementation that provides a
                  platform independent communications medium. The
                  firmware design is based on a single, restart-able
                  task paradigm with interrupts for communications and
                  other system functions. This is motivated by a need
                  for quick execution of commands by the interface. An
                  active braking application was used to evaluate
                  advanced functionality, which produced encouraging
                  results, and showed superior control compared with
                  the original manual controller. A client application
                  was written to test the functionality of the
                  interface and data communications.},
  URL = {pdf/noonan98:_pc_inter_remot_contr_car.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/noonan98:_pc_inter_remot_contr_car_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{xu99:_paral_port_inter_mentor_robot_arm,
  AUTHOR = {Weidong Xu and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Parallel Port for Interface for the Mentor Robot
                  Arm},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ENZCON-99},
  YEAR = 1999,
  ADDRESS = {Auckland, New Zealand},
  MONTH = {November},
  ANNOTE = {Description of parallel port interface board},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the design of an interface
                  board which by emulating the bus of some popular
                  home computers can control legacy hardware through a
                  generic parallel port interface and serial
                  interface. In particular, the board is currently
                  being used to control two Mentor robot arms from a
                  PC. We also developed firmware and a device driver
                  for the Linux operating system.},
  URL = {pdf/xu99:_paral_port_inter_mentor_robot_arm.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{zhou00:_ferret,
  AUTHOR = {Yuhua Zhou and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Ferret: An Intelligent Assistant for Internet
                  Searching},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Pacific Rim Conference on AI},
  YEAR = 2000,
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the design and implementation
                  of Ferret, an information-seeking assistant that
                  helps a user find information on the World Wide
                  Web. It analyzes and automatically clusters the
                  returned pages from a search engine.},
  URL = {pdf/zhou00:_ferret.pdf}
}

@MISC{baltes01:_toy_elect,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Toy Electronics},
  NOTE = {Invited tutorial at the conference for Artificial
                  Intelligence and Soft Computing},
  MONTH = {May},
  YEAR = 2001,
  ABSTRACT = {The tutorial describes the initial steps in the
                  development of a robotic platform that can be used
                  for many experiments into AI. The system uses remote
                  controlled cars as platforms and is thus inexpensive
                  and easily available. A standard framegrabber and
                  video camera are used to provide vision information
                  to the processor. The tutorial will lesson the
                  learning curve for people by describing efficient
                  methods for image processing and control. This
                  methods have been developed by the All Botz in the
                  previous years and have proven their effectiveness
                  in many games and demonstrations. Effectively, this
                  will provide participants with solutions to the low
                  level problems associated with soccer playing
                  robots. Therefore, the participants of the tutorial
                  will be able to build their own team in short time
                  and to use it to test higher level AI and Soft
                  Computing methods.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes01:_toy_elect.tar.gz}
}

@MISC{baltes99:_time_manag_graduat_studen,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Time Management for Graduate Students},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Invited Talk at the New Zealand Graduate Student
                  Conference for Computer Science},
  MONTH = {April},
  YEAR = 1999,
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes99:_time_manag_graduat_studen_slides.pdf}
}

@MISC{baltes00:_pract_camer_calib_objec_track,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Practical Camera Calibratio and Object Tracking},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Invited Talk at the National University of
                  Singapore, Singapore},
  MONTH = {February},
  YEAR = 2000,
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes00:_pract_camer_calib_objec_track_slides.pdf}
}

@MISC{baltes00:_robot_soccer_multi_agent_resear_tool,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Robotic Soccer as Multi-Agent Research Tool},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Keynote Address at the Workshop on Multiagent Systems},
  MONTH = {December},
  YEAR = 2000,
  NOTE = {Massey Univeristy, Auckland, New Zealand},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes00:_robot_soccer_multi_agent_resear_tool_slides.pdf}
}

@MISC{baltes99:_use_linux_comput_scien_educat,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Use of Linux in Computer Science Education},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Invited Talk at the IEEE New Zealand Meeting},
  MONTH = {September},
  YEAR = 1999,
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes99:_use_linux_comput_scien_educat_slides.pdf}
}

@MISC{baltes99:_stoog_homep,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {The 4 Stooges Homepage},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {WWW},
  MONTH = {November},
  YEAR = 1999,
  NOTE = {http://www.citr.auckland.ac.nz/\~{ }jacky},
  ANNOTE = {Homepage of the four stooges.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_compar_sever_machin_learn_techn,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Yong Joo Park},
  TITLE = {Comparison of Several Machine Learning Techniques in
                  Pursuit-Evasion Games},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup-01: Robot Soccer World Cup V},
  YEAR = 2002,
  ADDRESS = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the results of an empirical
                  evaluation comparing the performance of five
                  different algorithms in a pursuit and evasion
                  game. The pursuit and evasion game was played using
                  two robots. The task of the pursuer was to catch the
                  other robot (the evader). The algorithms tested were
                  a random player, the optimal player, a genetic
                  algorithm learner, a k-nearest neighbor learner, and
                  a reinforcement learner. The k-nearest neighbor
                  learner performed best overall, but a closer
                  analysis of the results showed that the genetic
                  algorithm suffered from an exploration-exploitation problem.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes02:_compar_sever_machin_learn_techn.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_effic_image_proces_increas_resol,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Efficient Image Processing for Increased Resolution
                  and Color Correctness of CMOS Image Sensors},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup-01: Robot Soccer World Cup V},
  YEAR = 2002,
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes fast demosaicing methods to
                  quadruple the resolution of a CMOS camera. The
                  resulting increase in accuracy in camera calibration
                  and object detection is important for local vision
                  robots, especially those that use computer vision as
                  their only source of information about the state of
                  the world. The paper describes two methods for
                  demosaicing: interpolation and variance
                  demosaicing. A comparison of three sample views is
                  shown to demonstrate the increased resolution and
                  the difference between the interpolation and
                  variance demosaicing methods. Both demosaicing
                  methods work well. Variance demosaicing performs
                  better around edges in the image, but is
                  computationally more expensive.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes02:_effic_image_proces_increas_resol.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_yuefei,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {YueFei: Object Orientation and Id without Additional Markers},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup-01: Robot Soccer World Cup V},
  YEAR = 2002,
  ADDRESS = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  URL = {pdf/baltes02:_yuefei.pdf},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a novel approach to detecting
                  orientation and identity of robots using a global
                  vision system. Instead of additional markers, the
                  shape of the robot is used to determine an
                  orientation using a general Hough transform. In
                  addition the movement history as well as the command
                  history are used to calculate the quadrant of the
                  orientation. The identity of the robot is determined
                  by correlating the motion of the robot with the
                  command history. An empirical evaluation shows that
                  the performance of the new video server is at least
                  as good as that of a traditional approach using
                  additional coloured markers.}
}

@INCOLLECTION{baltes4stooges,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {4 Stooges},
  BOOKTITLE = {RoboCup 2001: Robot Soccer World Cup V},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
  YEAR = 2002,
  EDITOR = {A. Birk and S. Coradeschi and S. Tadokoro},
  VOLUME = 2377,
  SERIES = {Lecture Notes on AI},
  PAGES = {559-562},
  ADDRESS = {Berlin}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_effic_local_mobil_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Efficient Localization for Mobile Robots},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2002 FIRA World Congress},
  YEAR = 2002,
  ORGANIZATION = {Federation of International Robot-soccer Association}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_devel_walkin_gaits_small_human_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Patrick Lam},
  TITLE = {Development of Walking Gaits for a Small Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2002 FIRA World Congress},
  YEAR = 2002,
  ORGANIZATION = {Federation of International Robot-soccer Association}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_local_mobil_robot_using_lines,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Localization for Mobile Robots Using Lines},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference
                  on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision
                  (ICARCV)},
  YEAR = 2002,
  MONTH = {December}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_strat_selec_goal_gener_role,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Strategy Selection, Goal Generation, and Role
                  Assignment in a Robotic Soccer Team},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference
                  on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision
                  (ICARCV)},
  YEAR = 2002
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{lam02:_devel_walkin_gaits_small_human_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Patrick Lam and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Development of Walking Gaits for a Small Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the International Conference on
                  Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing},
  YEAR = 2002,
  ORGANIZATION = {IASTED},
  PUBLISHER = {Acta Press}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_pragm_approac_robot_rescue,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {A Pragmatic Approach to Robot Rescue: The Keystone
                  Fire Brigade},
  BOOKTITLE = {AAAI Mobile Robot Competition},
  PAGES = {38-43},
  YEAR = 2002,
  EDITOR = {William D. Smart and Tucker R. Balch and Holly A. Yanco},
  VOLUME = {WS-02-18},
  SERIES = {AAAI Technical Report},
  PUBLISHER = {AAAI Press},
  ISBN = {1-57735-176-2}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes02:_doraem,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Doraemon: Object Orientation and Id without Additional Markers},
  BOOKTITLE = {2nd IFAC Conference on Mechatronic Systems},
  YEAR = {2002},
  MONTH = {December},
  ORGANIZATION = {American Automatic Control Council}
}

@INBOOK{braunl03:_embed_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Thomas Braunl},
  TITLE = {Embedded Robotics},
  CHAPTER = {Camera Interface},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Heidelberg}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{wasalathantra98:_mobil_robot_probl_solver,
  AUTHOR = {Sanj Wasalathantra and Bruce MacDonald and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Mobile Robot Problem Solver},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the IPENZ Sustainable City Conference},
  YEAR = 1998,
  ADDRESS = {Auckland, New Zealand}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{macdonald95,
  AUTHOR = {Bruce MacDonald and Jacky Baltes and Istavan Hernadi},
  TITLE = {An architecture for understanding human instruction, planning, and learning},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2nd New Zealand Two-Stream Conference on Artificial Neural Nets and Expert Systems},
  YEAR = 1995,
  PAGES = {231-234},
  ADDRESS = {Dunedin, New Zealand}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{thomson02:_mobil_robot_path_track_using_visual_servoin,
  AUTHOR = {Andrew Thomson and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Mobile Robot Path Tracking Using Visual Servoing},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Vision Computing New Zealand},
  YEAR = 2002,
  ADDRESS = {Auckland, New Zealand},
  MONTH = {November},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a path tracking controller for
                  mobile robots using visual servoing. A highly
                  efficient algorithm suitable for cheap and low power
                  micro-processor is described. The algorithm uses a
                  highly focused search in the image to approximate
                  the offset and gradient of the path. These features
                  are determined solely by a sweep through two rows of
                  the image. An empirical evaluation shows that the
                  algorithm is efficient and robustness. Furthermore,
                  the empirical evaluation investigates the
                  relationship between the average error and the look
                  ahead distance as well as the weighting between the
                  offset and gradient information.},
  URL = {pdf/thomson02:_mobil_robot_path_track_using_visual_servoin.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/thomson02:_mobil_robot_path_track_using_visual_servoin_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_ident_robot_throug_behav_analy,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Identifying Robots Through Behavioral Analysis},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Second International Conference
                  on Computational Intelligence, Robotics, and
                  Autonomous Systems},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Singapore},
  ANNOTE = {Identifying the location and orientation of robots is a
  significant problem in vision for robotic soccer.  Previous
  approaches use some type of identifying marker system (coloured
  spots, arrangements of bars) in order to facilitate fast visual
  identification of individual robots.  However, these methods do not
  scale well to larger teams and require considerable calibration
  effort.  This paper describes an approach that does not require such
  markers. Instead, the movement history as well and command history
  are used to identity the robot by employing Bayesian techniques to
  correlate the commands sent to the robot with the robot's actions in
  the environment.  This approach is implemented in the latest version
  of our global video server, \Doraemon.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_stabil_walkin_gaits_using_feedb_from_gyros,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Sara McGrath and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Stabilizing Walking Gaits Using Feedback From Gyroscopes},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Second International Conference
                  on Computational Intelligence, Robotics, and
                  Autonomous Systems},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ANNOTE = {This paper describes methods used in stabilizing the
                  walking gait of Tao-Pie-Pie, a small humanoid robot given
                  rate feedback from two RC gyroscopes. Tao-Pie-Pie is a
                  fully autonomous small humanoid robot (30cm
                  tall). Although Tao-Pie-Pie uses a minimal set of
                  actuators and sensors, it has proven itself in
                  international competitions, winning honors at the
                  RoboCup and HuroSot competitions in 2002 and
                  2003.  The feedback control law is based solely on
                  the rate information from two RC gyroscopes. This
                  alleviates drift problems introduced by integrating
                  the RC gyroscope feedback in the more common
                  position control approaches.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_learn_orien_infor_robot_soccer,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Learning Orientation Information for Robotic Soccer
                  Using Neural Nets},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the FIRA World Congress},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Vienna, Austria},
  MONTH = {October},
  ANNOTE = {Robotic soccer teams using both local and global
                  vision traditionally rely on a set of pre-determined
                  markers (e.g., a group of small colored circles
                  mounted on the top surface of the robot) to provide
                  easy targets for visual analysis in order to
                  determine the team membership, identity, and
                  orientation of robots in the visual field.  This
                  approach requires calibration before any
                  competition, as well as agreement in advance on
                  color codes different enough between teams to avoid
                  recognition errors at run-time. Even after extensive
                  calibration, small lighting variations can cause
                  extensive misidentification.  In this paper, we
                  examine an alternative approach: training a neural
                  network to recognize the orientation of the robots
                  on a team so that visual tracking can occur in real
                  time without special markers of any kind. This paper
                  describes the design and implementation of such an
                  approach, and shows the results of an empirical
                  evaluation of this approach.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_feedb_contr_walkin_small_human_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Sara McGrath and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Feedback Control of Walking for a Small Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the FIRA World Congress},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Vienna, Austria},
  MONTH = {October},
  ANNOTE = {This paper describes methods used in stabilizing the
                  walking gait of Tao-Pie-Pie, a small humanoid robot given
                  rate feedback from two RC gyroscopes. Tao-Pie-Pie is a
                  fully autonomous small humanoid robot (30cm
                  tall). Although Tao-Pie-Pie uses a minimal set of
                  actuators and sensors, it has proven itself in
                  international competitions, winning honors at the
                  RoboCup\ and HuroSot\ competitions in 2002 and
                  2003. The feedback control law is based solely on
                  the rate information from two RC gyroscopes. This
                  alleviates drift problems introduced by integrating
                  the RC gyroscope feedback in the more common
                  position control approaches.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{wegner03:_blend_auton_teleop_intel_contr,
  AUTHOR = {Ryan Wegner and John Anderson and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Blending Autonomy and Teleoperation for Intelligent
                  Control of Multiple Mobile Robots in Urban Search
                  and Rescue Environments},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the FIRA World Congress},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Vienna, Austria},
  MONTH = {October}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_keyst_rescue,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {The Keystone Rescue Robotic Rescue Team},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the IJCAI Robotics Workshop},
  YEAR = 2003
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_walkin_gaits_small_human_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Patrick Lam},
  TITLE = {Walking Gaits for a Small Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the RoboCup Symposium},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Padova, Italy}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{anderson03:_towar_under_league_roboc,
  AUTHOR = {John Anderson and Jacky Baltes and David Livingston and Elizabeth Sklar},
  TITLE = {Toward an Undergraduate League for RoboCup},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the RoboCup Symposium},
  YEAR = 2003
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_flexib_binar_space_partit_robot_rescue,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Flexible Binary Space Partitioning for Robotic Rescue},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Las Vegas},
  MONTH = {October},
  ABSTRACT = {In domains such as robotic rescue, robots must plan
                  paths through environments that are complex and
                  dynamic, and in which robots have only incomplete
                  knowledge.  This will normally require both
                  diversions from planned paths as well as significant
                  re-planning as events in the domain unfold and new
                  information is acquired.  In terms of a
                  representation for path planning, these requirements
                  place significant demands on efficiency and
                  flexibility.  This paper describes a method for
                  flexible binary space partitioning designed to serve
                  as a basis for path planning in uncertain dynamic
                  domains such as robotic rescue.  This approach is
                  used in the 2003 version of the \kfb\, a robotic
                  rescue team.  We describe the algorithm used, make
                  comparisons to related approaches to path planning,
                  and provide an empirical evaluation of an
                  implementation of this approach.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes03:_flexib_binar_space_partit_robot_rescue.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/baltes03:_flexib_binar_space_partit_robot_rescue_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{anderson03:_littl_black_devil,
  AUTHOR = {John Anderson and Jacky Baltes and Doug Cornelson
                  and Terry Liu and Clint Stuart and Adam Zilkie},
  TITLE = {The Little Black Devils},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the RoboCup Symposium},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Padova, Italy},
  MONTH = {July}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{anderson03:_univer_manit_uleag_team,
  AUTHOR = {John Anderson and Jacky Baltes and Doug Cornelson
                  and Terry Liu and Clint Stuart and Adam Zilkie},
  TITLE = {The University of Manitoba ULeague Team},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the RoboCup Symposium},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Padova, Italy},
  MONTH = {July}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{anderson03:_keyst_rescue_team,
  AUTHOR = {John Anderson and Jacky Baltes and Jay Kraut},
  TITLE = {The Keystone Rescue Team},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the RoboCup Symposium},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Padova, Italy},
  MONTH = {July}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes03:_tao_pie_pie,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Sara McGrath},
  TITLE = {Tao-Pie-Pie},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the RoboCup Symposium},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Padova, Italy},
  MONTH = {July}
}

@MANUAL{baltes04:_huros_laws_game,
  TITLE = {HuroSot Laws of the Game},
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Thomas Br\"aunl},
  ORGANIZATION = {University of Manitoba},
  ADDRESS = {Winnipeg, Canada},
  MONTH = {May},
  YEAR = 2004,
  NOTE = {http://www.fira.net/hurosot}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{lee03:_applic_td_learn_openin_games_go,
  AUTHOR = {Byung-Doo Lee and Hans Werner Guesgen and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {The Application of TD(l) Learning to the Opening Games of Go},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Fifth  International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition},
  YEAR = 2003,
  ADDRESS = {Kalkutta, India}
}

@ARTICLE{baltes04:_desig_walkin_gaits_tao_pie,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Patrick Lam},
  TITLE = {Design of Walking Gaits for Tao-Pie-Pie, a Small Humanoid Robot},
  JOURNAL = {Advanced Robotics},
  YEAR = 2004,
  VOLUME = 18,
  NUMBER = 7,
  PAGES = {713-716},
  MONTH = {August},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the methodology that we used to
                  design and implement balancing and walking gaits for
                  Tao-Pie-Pie, a small 30cm tall humanoid robot.
                  Tao-Pie-Pie is a fully autonomous robot with all
                  power, sensing, and processing done on-board. It is
                  also a minimalistic design with only six degrees of
                  freedom. Nevertheless, its performance is comparable
                  to that of other more complex designs. The paper
                  describes three patterns: (a) a straight walk, (b) a
                  turn on the spot, and (c) a kicking pattern. Sensor
                  feedback is provided by two gyroscopes that provide
                  angular velocity in the left-right and
                  forward-backward plane and a CMOS camera providing
                  vision information. The feedback from the gyroscopes
                  is not used to directly control the walking gait,
                  because the signal is noisy and it would be
                  computationally too expensive for the current
                  processor hardware. Instead, coarse feedback from
                  the gyroscopes is used to monitor the transition
                  from one phase of the pattern to the next. This
                  feedback is used to: (a) determine when a phase has
                  completed successfully, and (b) when to change the
                  endpoints of certain phases. Tao-Pie-Pie proved to be a
                  successful design winning a number of honors at
                  international competitions.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes04:_desig_walkin_gaits_tao_pie.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes04:_teach_roboc,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Elizabeth Sklar and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Teaching with RoboCup},
  BOOKTITLE = {Accessible Hands-on Artificial Intelligence and
                  Robotics Education},
  PAGES = {146 - 152},
  YEAR = 2004,
  NUMBER = {SS-04-01},
  SERIES = {Spring Symposium},
  MONTH = {February},
  ORGANIZATION = {American Association for Artificial Intelligence},
  PUBLISHER = {AAAI Press},
  URL = {pdf/baltes04:_teach_roboc.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{mckinnon04:_pract_region_based_match_stereo_vision,
  AUTHOR = {Brian McKinnon and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Practical Region-Based Matching for Stereo Vision.},
  BOOKTITLE = {IWCIA},
  PAGES = {726-738},
  YEAR = 2004,
  EDITOR = {Reinhard Klette and Jovisa D. Zunic},
  VOLUME = 3322,
  SERIES = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  ISBN = {3-540-23942-1},
  URL = {pdf/mckinnon04:_pract_region_based_match_stereo_vision.pdf},
  ABSTRACT = {Using stereo vision in the field of mapping and
                  localization is an intuitive idea, as demonstrated
                  by the number of animals that have developed the
                  ability.  Though it seems logical to use vision, the
                  problem is a very difficult one to solve.  It
                  requires the ability to identify objects in the
                  field of view, and classify their relationship to
                  the observer.  A procedure for extracting and
                  matching object data using a stereo vision system is
                  introduced, and initial results are provided to
                  demonstrate the potential of this system.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{liu04:_intuit_flexib_archit_intel_mobil_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Xiao-Wen Terry Liu and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {An Intuitive and Flexible Architecture for
                  Intelligent Mobile Robots},
  BOOKTITLE = {Second International Conference on Autonomous Robots
                  and Agents (ICARA)},
  PAGES = {52-57},
  YEAR = 2004,
  EDITOR = {S. C. Mukhopadhyay and G. Sen Gupta},
  MONTH = {December},
  ORGANIZATION = {Massey University},
  ISBN = {0-476-00994-4},
  ABSTRACT = {The goal of this research is to develop an
                  intuitive, adaptive, and flexible architecture for
                  intelligent mobile robots. We propose a hybrid
                  architecture that uses behaviour trees and finite
                  state machines. A task manager selects behaviours
                  based on approximations of their applicability and
                  the expected reward of a behaviour. One major
                  feature of this architecture is that important
                  information of the perception, reasoning, and
                  execution parts of the system are made
                  explicit. This information includes parameters
                  (e.g., colour definitions), structural information
                  (e.g., the behaviour tree), and the ability to
                  represent prototypical scenarios.},
  URL = {pdf/liu04:_intuit_flexib_archit_intel_mobil_robot.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/liu04:_intuit_flexib_archit_intel_mobil_robot_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{mcgrath04:_activ_balan_using_gyros_small_human_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Sara McGrath and Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Active Balancing Using Gyroscopes for a Small Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {Second International Conference on Autonomous Robots
                  and Agents (ICARA)},
  PAGES = {470-475},
  YEAR = 2004,
  EDITOR = {S. C. Mukhopadhyay and G. Sen Gupta},
  MONTH = {December},
  ORGANIZATION = {Massey University},
  ISBN = {0-476-00994-4},
  ABSTRACT = {This paper describes methods used in stabilizing the
                  walking gait of Tao-Pie-Pie, a small humanoid robot given
                  rate feedback from two RC gyroscopes. Tao-Pie-Pie is a
                  fully autonomous small humanoid robot (30cm
                  tall). Although Tao-Pie-Pie uses a minimal set of
                  actuators and sensors, it has proven itself in
                  international competitions, winning honors at the
                  RoboCup and HuroSot competitions in 2002 and
                  2003. The feedback control law is based solely on
                  the rate information from two RC gyroscopes. This
                  alleviates drift problems introduced by integrating
                  the RC gyroscope feedback in the more common
                  position control approaches.},
  URL = {pdf/mcgrath04:_activ_balan_using_gyros_small_human_robot.pdf},
  SLIDES = {pdf/mcgrath04:_activ_balan_using_gyros_small_human_robot_slides.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes04:_inter_method_global_vision_system,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Interpolation Methods for Global Vision Systems},
  BOOKTITLE = {The Seventh RoboCup Competitions and Conferences},
  YEAR = 2005,
  EDITOR = {Daniele Nardi and Martin Riedmiller and and Claude Sammut},
  ADDRESS = {Berlin},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag},
  ABSTRACT = {In 2004, the playing field size of the small sized
                  league was significantly increased, which poses new
                  challenges for all teams. This paper describes
                  extensions to our current video server software
                  Doraemon to deal with these new challenges. It shows
                  that a camera with a side view is a workable
                  alternative to the more expensive approach of using
                  multiple cameras. To illustrate this point, the
                  paper discusses the camera calibration method used
                  in Doraemon as well as an investigation into some
                  common two dimensional interpolation methods (pulse,
                  linear, and cubic B-spline) as well a novel average
                  gradient method. It also proves that (ignoring
                  occluded parts of the playing field) it is possible
                  to construct a realistic top down view of the
                  playing field with a camera that only has a side
                  view of the field.},
  URL = {pdf/baltes04:_inter_method_global_vision_system.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes05:_tao_pie_pie_human_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Sara McGrath and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {The Use of Gyroscope Feedback in the Control of the
                  Walking Gaits for a Small Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {The Seventh RoboCup Competitions and Conferences},
  YEAR = 2005,
  EDITOR = {Daniele Nardi and Martin Riedmiller and and Claude Sammut},
  ADDRESS = {Berlin},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag},
  URL = {pdf/baltes04:_use_gyros_feedb_contr_walkin.pdf}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{anderson05:_robob,
  AUTHOR = {John Anderson and Jacky Baltes and Terry Liu},
  TITLE = {RoboBisons 2004},
  BOOKTITLE = {The Seventh RoboCup Competitions and Conferences},
  YEAR = 2005,
  EDITOR = {Daniele Nardi and Martin Riedmiller and and Claude Sammut},
  ADDRESS = {Berlin},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes05:_keyst_fire_brigad,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson and Shawn Schaerer and Ryan Wegner},
  TITLE = {Keystone Fire Brigade 2004},
  BOOKTITLE = {The Seventh RoboCup Competitions and Conferences},
  YEAR = 2005,
  EDITOR = {Daniele Nardi and Martin Riedmiller and and Claude Sammut},
  ADDRESS = {Berlin},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes05:_tao_pie_pie_human_robot2,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and Sara McGrath and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Tao-Pie-Pie Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {The Seventh RoboCup Competitions and Conferences},
  YEAR = 2005,
  EDITOR = {Daniele Nardi and Martin Riedmiller and and Claude Sammut},
  ADDRESS = {Berlin},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{baltes04:_introd_progr_works_child_using_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Introductory Programming Workshop for Children Using Robotics},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Robotics Education},
  YEAR = 2004,
  ADDRESS = {Daejon, Korea},
  MONTH = {November},
  ORGANIZATION = {KAIST}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{anderson04:_reinf_learn_teamm_varyin_skill_robot_soccer,
  AUTHOR = {John Anderson and Brian Tanner and Jacky Baltes},
  TITLE = {Reinforcement Learning from Teammates of Varying Skill in Robotic Soccer},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2004 FIRA Robot World Congress},
  YEAR = 2004,
  ADDRESS = {Busan, Korea},
  MONTH = {October},
  ORGANIZATION = {FIRA}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{mcgrath04:_activ_balan_small_human_robot,
  AUTHOR = {Sara McGrath and Jacky Baltes and John Anderson},
  TITLE = {Active Balancing in a Small Humanoid Robot},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2004 FIRA Robot World Congress},
  YEAR = 2004,
  ADDRESS = {Busan, Korea},
  MONTH = {October},
  ORGANIZATION = {FIRA}
}


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